Note: Because we have had requests to include the web addresses in our copy, you will find them in the text below. We have, of course, also included the links for you.

1. The War Between the States: An Overview

The chain of events culminating in the Civil War had been adding links for a number of years. It finally broke in the early morning hours of Friday, April 12, 1861 when a single mortar shell was lobbed over Fort Sumter and its small Union garrison in South Carolina's Charleston harbor.

A wonderfully interactive, multimedia program from Tulane University called Crisis at Fort Sumter Program <http://www.tulane.edu/~latner/CrisisMain.html> details the background events leading up to that first shot being fired, and along the way effectively demonstrates how technology and the Internet can be incorporated into a curricular setting. Other educational links from the homepage include Dilemmas of Compromise, Lincoln's Inauguration, Initial Problems at Forts Pickens and Sumter, Hesitation and Decision, Final Orders, And The War Came, Aftermath, and Reflections, which looks at the political and military significance of the battle for Fort Sumter. The site also provides five problems <http://www.tulane.edu/~latner/TextMain.html> that ask students to "place yourselves in Lincoln's position" and choose a particular policy or course of action based on information and advice provided by Lincoln's cabinet members and confidants.

One of the most comprehensive Civil War sites is the award-winning The American Civil War Homepage. <http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/warweb.html> From here you can access a large list of Civil War general category sites like resources, timelines, overviews; the secession crisis and before; a roster of combatants and regimental histories; miscellaneous military information and links to other informational sites. Each primary link in turn connects to other informational web addresses such the graphic images link that provides Civil War maps, images and photographs.

A second very complete general information site is Louisiana State University's United States Civil War Center <> which links to more than 1,800 websites devoted to host of information relating to various Civil War subjects and topics. The site also jumps to a statistical summary of America's major wars <> which compares the "cost" of the Civil War with the costs of other American Wars. Included in the accounting are military participation ratios (population versus combatants), causalities and financial costs.

Another informative Civil War website is American Civil War-War Begins from Microsoft's Encarta Schoolhouse. At the site's homepage, click on American Civil War and you'll find an overview of events leading up to the war, while other jumps link to discussions on the growth of slavery, slavery and sectionalism, emancipation and southern defeat. There's also a timeline connection that takes students through Civil War history from the Missouri Compromise in 1820 to passage of the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery in 1865. All this is followed by a Learning Activity link that gives educators various creative writing ideas for determining students' understanding of the Civil War. At Web Links educators and students can jump to a number of other Civil War web sites.

Teachers of middle and upper elementary students will appreciate the lesson: The American Civil War <http://ericir.sunsite.syr.edu/Virtual/Lessons/Social_St/US_history/civil.html> in the ERIC collection. The History Place <http://www.historyplace.com/lincoln/index.html> is another site that has information that middle school students will be able to use.

Suggested Grade Level: Best for Grades 7-12, with much of the information on the sites for Grades 9-12. Teachers of younger students will be able to use some of the content for lesson planning and activities.

2. Slavery

So oppressive and horrible was slavery that in 1856 one fugitive slave mother vowed to kill herself and her children rather than be captured and returned to slavery. The story of Margaret Garner, "She would kill herself," and other slave narratives are available at Slavery Days <http://www.asis.com/zebra/SlaveryDays.html> which also includes comments by Thomas Jefferson on Slavery, observations and criticisms by Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman, and text documents from the Declaration of Seceding States as well as a brief look at the Underground Railroad. Additional links jump to some very interesting first-person accounts such as Board Bed, In Handcuffs, A Slave's Story and Old Master.

For an brief look at the times through the eyes of a Maryland-born runaway slave who became a leading orator and an author of the abolitionist movement, check out West Virginia University's The Frederick Douglas Papers. A more in-depth site, however, is the Master List of Links to Frederick Douglass Net Sites <> where you can access speeches, writings, essays and a plethora of additional information about this influential African-American.

An interesting overview of the relationship between the federal government and the issue of slavery is available at The Constitution and Slavery < which begins in 1787 with slaves considered property not people and ends in 1865 with the Thirteenth Amendment outlawing slavery within the United States. Between these two legislative mandates lay two laws that played major roles in the events leading up to the Civil War: The Fugitive Slave Act <http://www.asis.com/zebra/TheFugitiveSlaveAct.html> of 1850 which required the return of runaway slaves regardless of where they were at the time of their capture and the Emancipation Proclamation, <http://www.nara.gov/exhall/featured-document/eman/emanproc.html> issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863, which declared that all slaves were "henceforward" free.

Because slaves were considered property and could be bought and sold on the open market, money motivated men to buy and sell other men. While a total accounting of people taken into slavery will probably never be known, a site called Slave Trade Statistics, <http://found.cs.nyu.edu/andruid/chainsWeb/slaveStats.html> provides some good "guesstimates" as to the number of men, women and children transported from Africa to the Caribbean islands or to North and South America between 1666 and 1800. For a look at the business side of slavery, The Economics of the African Slave Trade <http://dolphin.upenn.edu/~vision/vis/Mar-95/5284.html> helps explain the relationship between slave trading and world capitalism and commerce during the 17th century.

Finally, students will enjoy a virtual field trip back in time at Colonial Williamsburg <http://www.history.org> where they can visit the slave quarters at Carter's Grove (Use the Search to locate Carter's Grove and the slave quarters on the site.) and receive an introduction to Colonial African-American life. <http://www.history.org/people/african/aaintro.htm> Other interesting jumps from here lead to "Of Kith and Kin, life as a slave" <http://www.history.org/other/teaching/kithandkin/life.html> and to Dunmore's Proclamation, <http://www.history.org/people/african/aadunpro.htm> in 1775 which offered freedom to any slave willing to bear arms and fight for the British against the colonists.

Suggested Grade Levels: For the most of the content on these sites, use with Grades 11-12 or 9-12 is appropriate. With teacher guidance, Grade 7 American History classes will also benefit from these sites. The Williamsburg site might be used with students in Grades 5 or 6 up.

3. Civil War Music, Poetry, Photographs and Art

General Robert E. Lee observed that "without music there would have been no army." He understood that war was noisy and musicians, especially drummers, were needed to keep his troops together in an environment of booming cannons, screeching shells and whizzing musket balls. But music as well as poetry and art were also the canvases upon which the true nature of warfare was often painted.

You can almost feel the mood of the times by listening to the music that loads with the Poetry and Music of the War Between the States <http://www.erols.com/kfraser/> homepage.

The site provides both the Confederate and Union poetry with each link further delineated as to battles, officers, soldiers, etc. There's also a jump to war time music that contains songs of the Union and of the Confederacy. In both cases some songs are available in sound files, others in lyrics only.

Additional sources for Civil War songs include the Civil War Songbook <http://www2.tsixroads.com/Corinth_MLSANDY/songsciv.html> for lyrics to Civil War favorites like Marching Through Georgia, Just Before the Battle Mother and Goober Peas; Songs of the South < which has sound files for a number of Confederate songs; and Music & Poetry for links to approximately 150 Civil War and pre-war songs and poems. Lastly, at Southern Musical Lyrics and Poetry <http://www.flash.net/~rewep/music.htm> you'll find links to poems and lyrics with a decidedly southern flair.

Photography also played an important role during the Civil War, and thanks to men like Mathew Brady, this was the first war ever recorded on film. At the Library of Congress' American Memory series Selected Civil War Photographs <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/cwphome.html>, you'll find more than 1100 photographs (with no known restrictions on their use) searchable by keyword or using a subject index. Photographs include military personnel, battle preparations and after-effects, and portraits of both Union and Confederate officers and enlisted men. The site also has a Time Line link with information and photographs about events occurring in 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864 and 1865 plus a link to other photographs taken during the Civil War. The National Archives and Records Administration also has Pictures of the Civil War <http://gopher.nara.gov:70/Oh/inform/dc/audvis/still/civwar.html> listed beneath four main headings: activities, places, portraits and Lincoln's assassination.

While we tend to shy away from commercial sites, in this case they are often excellent sources for Civil War art on the Internet. HRM & Company <http://www.hrmco.com/main/index.html> has a Civil War collection (for sale) of engravings and maps which can be enlarged with a click of the mouse. Sample art is presented by war years with a separate link for access to various battlefield and city maps. A second site, Civil Warr Art <http://www.websun.com/warr/gallery.html> from artist John Warr, also offers thumbnail photographs that, once enlarged, include a description of the piece in question.

Suggested Grade Levels: The song and photograph sites may be used with all ages. The individual poems, songs and photographs should be checked first to determine appropriateness for the age level you are teaching.

4. Women of the Civil War

"Wild Rose" Greenhow was buried with full military honors, her coffin wrapped in the Confederate flag and borne by Confederate troops. Her marble grave marker said simply: "Mrs. Rose O'N. Greenhow, a bearer of dispatches (sic) to the Confederate Government."

The story of Confederate spy Mrs. Rose O'Neil Greenhow is one of many found at Duke University's Women of the War <http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/women/cwdocs.html#other> site which documents various women's lives and experiences during the Civil War. The collection includes the diaries of 16-year-old Alice Williamson who lived in Gallatin, Tennessee during the Union occupation of the area, and Rachel Cormany who described what it was like in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania during the battle of Gettysburg. The site is divided into diaries, letters and documents; photographs and prints and general Civil War pages that can be accessed for additional information about women's roles during the war. The site also has a "Women of War" quiz <http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6806/qu_main.html> that lets students match photographs with names and then click on answers to see if they are right. A brief biography accompanies each photograph.

"Remember the Ladies," <http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/4678/kate.html> said Abigail Adams to her husband during the drafting of the Declaration of Independence. This is also the title of a site dedicated to women whose contributions during the Civil War included efforts as spies, soldiers (disguised as men), nurses, physicians and sanitary commission organizers, and writers, lawyers and publishers.

Women Soldiers of the Civil War, <http://gopher.nara.gov/exhall/prologue/women1.html> a site maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration, gives a running account of various women who disguised their gender to fight alongside their male counterparts-in some instances their husbands and brothers. Another site called Women Were There <http://userpages.aug.com/captbarb/femvets2.html> also documents the stories of women Civil War veterans, and notes that historical records show more than sixty women were either killed or wounded during various Civil War battles.

Younger students will appreciate the story of Jennie Wade <http://www.angelfire.com/ct/beawriter/cw.html>, a young girl from Gettysburg and how she tried to help the Union, and the letter about Lincoln and a beard written by an 11 year old girl <http://members.aol.com/RVSNorton1/Lincoln50.html>. The information on nurse Clara Barton <http://www.incwell.com/Biographies/Barton.html> and American Red Cross & Clara Barton <http://www.redcross.org/hec/pre1900/barton.html> is also appropriate for students in elementary and middle school.

For information about former female slaves involved in early feminist movements during the mid-nineteenth century check out African-American Pioneers in the Crusade for Women's Rights. < > Here you're given a brief glimpse into the lives of great women activists Sojourner Truth, Anne Julia Cooper and Mary Church Terrell. The Harriet Tubman Story<http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Hills/6365/jennie.htm> is a web site created by an elementary student and is appropriate for Grades 2-4.

Suggested Grade Levels: Mostly for Grades 9-12. Teachers of Grades 3-8 will also find content that can be used with their students, especially on the sites about Harriet Tubman, Clara Barton, Jennie Wade, and Lincoln's Beard.

5. Armies and Navies

In the beginning it was called a "90-day war" because many Northerners believed the Civil War would last only a few months. That myth was shattered on July 21, 1861 at Bull Run, Virginia when at day's end the cost of war paid by the North totaled 481 soldiers killed, 1,011 wounded and 1,400 missing or captured. The South lost 269 soldiers with 1,483 wounded.

An excellent text-only site called Chronological List of Civil War Battles <http://users.aol.com/dlharvey/engage.htm> includes every engagement fought during the Civil War in which one casualty occurred. For quick and orderly viewing the battles are accessible by years 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, and 1865 with each site noting the number of soldiers killed, wounded, captured or missing in action.

Another good resource for similar battlefield information comes from Louisiana State University's United States Civil War Center < the Battle of Gettysburg <http://www.mindspring.com/~murphy11/getty/> and the Battle of Secessionville, <http://www.awod.com/gallery/probono/cwchas/secville.html> the first major Federal effort to take Charleston, South Carolina. There are also a number of additional jumps to sites that discuss specific topics like The Atlanta Campaign, <http://www.ngeorgia.com/history/atlcamp.html> Civil War Forts < > and Civil War Battles in Georgia. <http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/cwbattle.htm>

A good way to find out what happened on the battlefield (or at least what was reported to have happened) is to review the battle reports written by the commanding officers.

Civil War engagements involved more than heavy fortifications, foot soldiers and firing from behind stone walls. Each side also had a navy, and although the North had a great naval advantage at the war's beginning, an attempt to level the playing field occurred in 1862 when Confederate engineers refloated the "U.S.S. Merrimack," a scuttled Union frigate from the Norfolk Navy Yard. They removed the ship's sides, outfitted it with armor, added a sloping iron roof and a bow ram, rechristened it the "C.S.S. Virginia" and the rest, as they say, is history.

One of the most comprehensive sites for Civil War naval information is the Index of Civil War Naval Forces Confederate and Union Ships. <http://www.tarleton.edu/activities/pages/facultypages/jones/navy.html> The site includes personnel information, excerpts from official records and a collection of descriptions, history, illustrations and photographs of ships from both navies. A second site for similar information is Timberclads to Turtlebacks: A Glossary of Civil War Ship Types. <http://users.why.net/sdavis/shiptype.htm> As the name suggests, the site contains a list of specific vessels used during the war as well as explains interesting naval terms like "cottonclad" (ships with cotton stacked on deck for extra protection) and "turtlebacks" (ships with a domed, armored deck shaped like the shell of a turtle).

The Civil War was also marked the end of sailing vessels as warships, and the beginning of ships covered in iron, driven by propellers and powered by steam. personnel and vessels, naval ordnance and to information is a good site to visit for a description of the famous naval engagement between the "Monitor" and the "Merrimack" plus some ancillary information about both vessels.

Suggested Grade Levels: Most of the information on these sites is appropriate for high school levels. Some may be used with middle school. A number of the pictures (such as those of the ships) may be of interest to students in grade levels 3 and up.

6. The Presidents

Born nine months and less than 100 miles apart, Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis would ultimately lead two nations in a war that consumed nearly one out of every 50 people living in the United States at the time.

Before he became President of the Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis represented Mississippi in the United States Senate and House of Representatives, and was even Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce. From Rice University's The Papers of Jefferson Davis <http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~pjdavis/jdp.htm> you can access a quick and easy Jefferson Davis Chronology <http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~pjdavis/chron.htm#secwar> that covers Davis' life from his youth and education, military service and early political career through the Civil War years 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864 and 1865 to his postwar life and career, death and burial. Although copyright laws keep the majority of Davis' documents off the Internet, the full text of a number of his letters and speeches from 1860 to 1862 is available at Jefferson Davis Documents. <http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~pjdavis/docs.htm> Other links from here include a visit to the Davis Family Genealogy site and FAQs about Jefferson Davis.

For a bit more biographical material check out Jefferson Davis: Southern Leader <http://tqd.advanced.org/3055/graphics/people/davis.html> which also lets you link back to the site's home page for additional bios of other influential Union and Confederate leaders. Finally, for a good look at the Confederacy through the eyes of Jefferson Davis' wife, check out Christmas in the Confederate White House. < The article, published in the Sunday, December 13, 1896 New York World Magazine, was written by Mrs. Davis thirty-one years after the Civil War ended.

A tremendous amount of material about Abraham Lincoln is available on-line. One of the more informative sites is POTUS <http://www.ipl.org/ref/POTUS/alincoln.html> (President of the United States) which is maintained by the Internet Public Library. The site accesses Lincoln's presidential election results, a list of Lincoln cabinet members, presidential highlights, various Internet biographies, historical documents, some fast facts and additional Internet resources.

As noted previously, one of the best sources for information Lincoln's involvement in pre-Civil War events is available at Tulane University's Crisis at Fort Sumter Program. <http://www.tulane.edu/~latner/CrisisMain.html> However, no discussion of Lincoln's Presidency during the Civil War years would be complete without reviewing the Emancipation Proclamation, <http://www.nara.gov/exhall/featured-document/eman/emanproc.html> Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, <ftp://msstate.edu/pub/docs/history/USA/19th_C./gettysburg-address> and his First <ftp://ftp.msstate.edu/pub/docs/history/USA/19th_C./lincoln-inaugural-1> and Second <ftp://ftp.msstate.edu/pub/docs/history/USA/19th_C./lincoln-inaugural-2> Inaugural Addresses. Ford's Theater <http://members.aol.com/RVSNorton/Lincoln.html> is a good site to visit for information about the events and characters involved in Lincoln's assassination.

Teatime at the White House <http://ericir.sunsite.syr.edu/Virtual/Lessons/Social_St/US_history/soc017.html> is an ERIC lesson designed to introduce students to role playing about historic characters. Using this lesson, students can learn about the 16th President though use of imagination and drama.

At The History Place <http://www.historyplace.com/lincoln/index.html> and the White House Abraham Lincoln <http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/glimpse/presidents/html/al16.html>site information about Lincoln that can be used with middle school students is available.

Suggested Grade Levels: Grades 7-12. Grades 4 up (younger ones with teacher or parent direction) may find the biographic information and the photographs useful for learning about this theme. The lesson "Teatime at the Whitehouse" may be used with Grades 4 up, as may the information at "The History Place" and "The White House Site."

7. Privates and Generals

The Civil War, like all wars, had its leaders and its lead, but without experiencing things first hand, it's difficult to describe what life as a private or a general was like in the camps and trenches.

General Officers of the Civil War <http://people.delphi.com/yatsuo/go_main.htm> site has a small, alphabetically arranged photo gallery of more than 400 men who held general officer rank in the armies of the Union and the Confederacy during the American Civil War. While this site puts faces to familiar names, you'll need to visit US Civil War Generals <http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/generals.html> to learn more about the men in the photographs. Here you'll find brief bios arranged alphabetically according to Union and Confederate officers. The general officers' final resting places are also available on-line at the U.S. Civil War Center's The General's Burial Listing. <> which lists each general's wartime affiliation, name, West Point graduation year, date of birth and death and burial location.

At the other end of the spectrum are the rank and file soldiers. The Union Soldier, His Life and Times <> is a modern interpretation of the daily life of a Union infantryman during the Civil War. It paints an interesting picture of the soldiers' nationalities, races and occupations, what it was like to live in a tent, wear woolen clothing during the hottest days of summer, eat insect-infested army food and fight in army battles.

While this was an interpretation, numerous on-line resources are available that provide first-person accounts of Civil War life written in letters by soldiers to their families at home. Both the U. S. Civil War Center's Diaries <> sites link to personnel comments from Civil War soldiers about their living conditions, the war they are fighting, and the people they are fighting with and against. Other sites worth reviewing for similar insights include Letters from an Iowa Soldier in the Civil War, <http://www.ucsc.edu/civil-war-letters/home.html> the Collection of J.C. Cohen Letters, < General McClellan's letter to Lincoln <> and Sullivan Ballou's Letter to Sarah.

As records indicate, an estimated 186,000 African-American soldiers were part of the Union Army during the war. Excellent overviews of their involvement can be found at The Civil War, <http://www.coax.net/people/lwf/data.htm> a compendium of on-line resources that focuses on African-Americans, their history and contributions during the war. From here you can link to sites like The First Black Soldiers <http://www.coax.net/people/lwf/soldiers.htm> which notes the first attempt to organize "colored" troops during the Civil War, and United States Colored Troops: Civil War <http://www.coax.net/people/lwf/usct.htm> which discusses the 160 regiments and 10 batteries of light artillery organized under the Bureau of Colored Troops by the Union Army. The site also links to a number of other resources about the military roles African-Americans played during the Civil War.

Lastly, at the National Park Services' Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System <http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/index.html> click on For more Information to request by e-mail the necessary forms from the National Archives in Washington D. C. to obtain copies of service records of Civil War soldiers. Two forms are available; one for military records another for pension information.

Suggested Grade Levels: Teachers should check these sites to find materials that are appropriate for their students. While some of it may be useful to teachers of grades 5 through 8, other parts are more suited for high school levels.

Mini Themes

At just two or three Internet sites you'll find a vast amount of Civil War information. Sometimes, however, you must leave the beaten path to find the truly interesting learning experiences you might not ordinarily stumble across while surfing the net.

A case in point involves General Alpheus Starky Williams and his duty horse "Plug Ugly." <http://bhere.com/plugugly/contents.html> A prewar lawyer, probate judge, newspaper owner and Detroit postmaster, and postwar minister to the Republic of Salvador and United States Congressman, General Williams' story and that of his horse "Plug Ugly" are told in an amusing and colorful way as the general, his mount and his men march through Virginia and Maryland in 1862.

Another site that may tell you more than you really want to know about the War Between the States is maintained by the National Park Service. Called Civil War Slang <http://www.cee.indiana.edu/gopher/Turner_Adventure_Learning/Gettysburg_Archive/Other_Resources/Civil_War_Slang.txt> the site contains more than 40 fit-to-print metaphorical idioms from the Civil War. Many of the slang terms, like "sawbones," "blowhard" and "whipped" are still in use today, although perhaps not in polite circles. An interesting Glossary of Civil War Terms < is also available from the folks at the St. Andrew Civil War Reenactment Club in Panama City, Florida. Included are more than 120 terms from "abatis" (sharpened branches on felled trees that make a wall of pointed stakes facing the enemy) to "Zouaves" (originally French colonial Arabs and Moors who were light infantry soldiers fighting for the Union) with a good bit in between.

Students will also enjoy the mystery of Amos Humiston, <http://www.thehistorynet.com/AmericanHistory/articles/1997/0697_text.htm> the only enlisted man to have a monument standing today on the Gettysburg battlefield. His is the tale of a man mortally wounded in battle who lay dying with the only clue to his identity, an ambrotype photograph of his three small children, clutched in his hand. Who was Amos Humiston and how his identity was ultimately determined is the story of a Philadelphia physician's efforts to locate the dead man's family and bring to closure one part of the Civil War.

Finally, at Civil War Activities: Teacher's Resources <http://scrtec.org/track/tracks/f00004.html> educator's will find links to numerous sites that provide valuable Internet curricular materials. Jumps lead to more than fifteen sites covering lesson plans, wartime correspondence, mechanics of war, Civil War statistics, additional Civil War resources, a Civil War diary, the Encarta's Schoolhouse site on the American Civil War, art of the Civil War, the Museum of Slavery and to various slave narratives among others.

Grade Levels: Again, most of this material relates to high school and college studies. However, human interest stories such as those of "Amos Humiston" and "Plug Ugly" can be used with adaptations for middle school students.

Bonus Sites:

An excellent list of general interest Civil War sites can be found at Links to Other Sites <http://www.erols.com/kfraser/links.htm> from the Poetry and Music of the War Between the States homepage. Younger students will enjoy Civil War for Kids < which offers a Civil War coloring book, a weekly quiz and links to various kid-oriented sites.

Other sites to help determine students' retention of Internet material include the Civil War Trivia Game <http://www.geocities.com/Nashville/1235/trivia.html> (with a southern flare), and Random House's Gods and Generals <http://www.randomhouse.com/godsgenerals/ggquiz.cgi> Civil War trivia quiz.

At Time Line <http://californiacentralcoast.com/commun/map/civil/tl/timeline.html> students and educators will find a brief overview of Civil War milestones. Finally, at Two Civil War Quizzes <http://www.cais.com/greatamericanhistory/gr02009.htm> there's a quick test to help determine students' knowledge of the Civil War era and another, more difficult, quiz that can be used as an Internet research tool. Answers to the research quiz are available via e-mail.

The Home of the Dixieland Ring <http://www.geocities.com/BourbonStreet/2757/index.html> is a repository for many things Confederate. An interesting screenplay called Cinque: The Long Voyage <hawkeyes@earthlink.net> is about a mutiny on a slave ship and provides insight to what life was like on a "slaver." Another Library of Congress website, The African-American Mosaic, <http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/african/intro.html> links to other sites discussing Colonization, or returning free African-Americans to Africa, Abolition and also provides access to a number of ex-slave narratives. Additional comments from slaves can also be found at The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History's Excerpts from Slave Narratives. <http://vi.uh.edu/pages/mintz/primary.htm> The text of Frederick Douglass' "My Escape from Slavery" <> also paints an interesting picture of the times.

Additional links for information on the Underground Railroad include the History and Geography of the Underground Railroad, <http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/ugrr/home.html> which offers a brief look at slavery, the Fugitive Slave Act, abolitionists, the U.G.R.R. and its history in Rochester, New York; and The Underground Railroad, <http://squash.la.psu.edu/~plarson/Smuseum/americas/bartels/bartels.html> a sub-site of the Museum of Slavery in the Atlantic. Harriet Tubman: 1829 - 1913 < Find out "What it is like to be a Nurse in the Civil War" <http://wissago.uwex.edu/~k12/Belleville/bjhs/civilwar/nurse/nurse4.html> and under what conditions the doctors and nurses (and soldiers) were forced to exist.

The Civil War Music Store <http://bizweb.lightspeed.net/~cwms/unit.html> has a wide range of educational materials available to help Social Studies, English and Fine Arts teachers. A fairly complete site index for Civil War photography is available from the United States Civil War Center. <

The Confederate States Constitution <http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~hoemann/csaconst.htm> from which Jefferson Davis derived his powers was nearly identical to the United States Constitution. An alphabetical list by battle that includes troop strength, commanding officers and losses is available from The Civil War On-line. Another "first" during the Civil War was the use of submarines. tells how little submarine was the first of its kind to sink a warship in combat. A first-person account of the Loss of the Monitor <http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Brad_Haugaard/monitor.htm> gives a quick look at the events leading up to and during the sinking of this ironclad in a gale off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.

Never one to keep his ramblings to himself, Mark Twain offers up his Remembrances of General U.S. Grant <> which provides interesting insights into both men. After that you can visit the Ulysses S. Grant Network Home Page <http://saints.css.edu/mkelsey/gppg.html> for the other side of the story.

Copyright © 1998 Apple Computer, Inc. Frequently Asked Questions

Apple K-12 Education http://ed.info.apple.com/education/ Main Page